Crystal darter

The crystal darter (Crystallaria asprella) is a small North American fish found in small, moderate, and swift rivers in the drainage basins of the Mississippi and Ohio Rivers. It is now extirpated from a majority of its range along the Ohio River. The crystal darter can grow to 12 cm (5 in) in length. It is olive-colored to tan with four dark saddles extending downward to its lateral line, a brownish stripe, and a whitish belly. Its maximum reported age is three years. The historical range of the crystal darter included the Mississippi River basin, from Wisconsin and Indiana, southwards to southeastern Oklahoma, northern Louisiana, southern Mississippi, the Mobile Basin, Pascagoula, Pearl River, Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi. It is now absent from much of this range and is rare in Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa, and Missouri. It is found in swift-flowing streams with clear or slightly turbid water and moderately swift riffles, on small or medium-sized rivers with beds of sand or gravel. It is not found on silty bottoms or areas with vegetation. Individual fish often hide under stones or bury themselves in sand with just their eyes showing. One study focused on the Saline River, Arkansas, suggested that crystal darters spawn multiple times from January through mid-April. Another study, conducted in Alabama, revealed conflicting evidence that suggested the onset of spawning begins in late February and lasts approximately one week in duration. The explanation for such discrepancy in breeding season timing and length is unknown, however, Hubbs (1985) suggested a difference in latitudinal location could explain the variation. Multiple males can copulate with one female at a time. Juvenile crystal darters grow rapidly and reach sexual maturity before age one, but do not spawn until the following season. Most females reach sexual maturity by 50 mm standard length, but males do not mature until they reach 61 mm standard length. Males grow faster and, consequently, adults males are larger than females of the same age. The difference in growth rates and size is probably due to females allocating more of their energy for reproduction. Clutch size ranges from 106-576 mature oocytes per female, and clutch size is positively correlated with fish length. The crystal darter is sexually dimorphic and mature males possess longer soft dorsal and anal fins than females. The crystal darter burrows in sandy substrates with only its eyes protruding. This behavior may have evolved to capture prey, avoid predators, or conserve energy. In 1989, Robert Daniels conducted a study on a closely related species, the Eastern sand darter, Ammocrypta pellucida, to explain burying behavior, but rejected both the prey avoidance and prey capturing hypotheses. He suggested that darters burrow in order to save energy while maintaining their position in the sandy substrate where they live. This behavior may be very important during periods of high or low flow, but can be exhibited at any time. Results from Daniels' study may also explain burying behavior in the crystal darter. The crystal darter is susceptible to a number of threats including overexploitation, habitat degradation through pollution and siltation, and habitat modification through stream flow alterations and artificial impoundment. Small populations of the crystal darter can be affected by scientific or educational collecting. However, collection for research purposes is important in regard to gaining information critical to developing management and conservation strategies to protect the species. Percid species, such as the crystal darter, require clean gravel and sand substrates for reproduction and foraging for food sources. This habitat requirement makes them sensitive to activities that cause pollution and siltation, such as mining, logging, natural gas exploration and extraction, and agriculture. Because crystal darters are geographically confined to a few freshwater systems with clear, fast-moving water they are particularly vulnerable to extinction when their limited habitat is degraded.